Study design
A structured observational study of publicly visible, consumer-facing real estate marketing. One real estate business is one observation; several pages can support a code but do not increase n.
Sampling frame and quotas
The sampling frame is RealTrends Verified 2026 (2025 production data). Individual agents and teams came from the RealTrends city rankings by sales volume for Miami, Dallas, Phoenix, Atlanta and Chicago; brokerages came from the RealTrends 500 by volume, limited to firms headquartered in each metro. The design set eight individual agents, three small teams (2–5 agents), three medium teams (6–10 agents) and six brokerages per market, 100 in total, selected by a fixed interval walk from the top of each list (interval = list length ÷ twice the quota, minimum 1). When an entry was ineligible, the next eligible entry was taken and the reason was logged.
This is a structured sample of established businesses, not a probability sample of all U.S. real estate agents, teams and brokerages. RealTrends primarily represents established and productive real estate professionals, so the study describes how established and top-producing businesses market themselves, not the average licensed agent.
Eligibility, replacements and final sample
A business was eligible if it had its own functioning consumer website (its own domain, or a dedicated agent or team site with its own navigation on a brokerage platform), its identity could be verified, and it was in scope. Portal and brokerage profile pages, national corporate sites and sites built only to recruit agents were out of scope. Bot protection alone was not a reason to replace a business: blocked sites were collected in a real browser and replaced only if they stayed genuinely inaccessible. During final coding, six brokerage office sites turned out to be recruitment-only, one office site redirected to a national corporate site, one agent domain redirected to a portal profile, one business type could not be established and ten sites stayed inaccessible; all were replaced by the next eligible entry where the frame allowed. In four strata the frame ran out, so the final sample is 92 businesses, not 100: Dallas has three brokerages instead of six, Phoenix and Chicago four brokerages each, and Phoenix two medium teams instead of three. The full sampling and replacement log is published with the data.
| Market | Individual agents | Teams | Brokerages | Total |
|---|
| South Florida / Miami | 8 | 6 | 6 | 20 |
| Dallas–Fort Worth | 8 | 6 | 3 | 17 |
| Phoenix | 9 | 4 | 4 | 17 |
| Atlanta | 9 | 4 | 7 | 20 |
| Chicago | 5 | 9 | 4 | 18 |
| Total | 39 | 29 | 24 | 92 |
Counts by business type as presented on each website. By RealTrends list the sample has 40 individuals, 15 small teams, 14 medium teams and 23 brokerages.
Sources and collection
Only public first-party consumer-facing pages were used for coding: the homepage, the buyer page and the seller page chosen by a fixed navigation hierarchy (service page first, then guide, form and search; for sellers, selling page first, then valuation and guide), at most three pages per business. Search was used only to find a business's own website, never as evidence. Pages were captured on 12–13 October 2026, first as automated headless-browser snapshots at 1440×900; 33 businesses whose sites blocked automated collection, or whose key pages the snapshot missed, were collected in a real browser. No forms were submitted and no businesses were contacted.
Coding
The final codebook records page structure, buyer and seller offers (one taxonomy of concrete services), messaging and location, the primary value proposition from the page hero, differentiation derived from five binary signals, the first call to action, lead forms and qualifying questions, checkable proof on each page and on the homepage, personal and brokerage branding from a first-screen screenshot, and business type. Every coded Yes carries a short quote in the evidence column.
Missing data
No, Unknown, Unreadable and N/A are different values. N/A means the page does not exist, Unknown means the page was read but the fact could not be determined, and Unreadable means the page exists but its content could not be collected. Published percentages exclude N/A, Unknown and Unreadable observations from the denominator, and every percentage is shown with its count.
Quality control and coding consistency
A reliability check was run before the full coding. Thirty businesses were captured once and coded twice in two separate, independent coding passes that could not see each other's work. Across 100 fields of the first codebook, median agreement was 97% and the median Cohen's κ among binary fields with a defined κ was 0.93. That check was used to find ambiguous categories, and the weakest fields (primary value, differentiation, calls to action, location, offers, qualification and proof definitions) were rewritten. The revised fields were then recoded for the same 30 snapshots in two new passes: every categorical field reached at least 80% agreement, and two binary fields stayed below κ 0.70 despite 88–89% agreement (the audience signal and the seller guide offer), so neither carries a headline finding. After the remaining businesses were coded once, a random 10% (7 businesses) was recoded independently, with 93% agreement across 686 coded cells. Both coding passes used the same AI coding model and codebook, so these figures are a consistency check, not conventional inter-coder reliability between independent human researchers, and they should be read as an upper bound.
AI disclosure
AI-assisted tools were used for source collection, structured coding against the published codebook, consistency checks, arithmetic QA, drafting and technical publication. Every page used as evidence is a real public page, and every coded value carries a quote from it. No synthetic businesses, observations or performance results were introduced.